Chemical Senses Advance Access originally published online on December 14, 2005
Chemical Senses 2006 31(2):107-118; doi:10.1093/chemse/bjj008
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Numerical Modeling of Turbulent and Laminar Airflow and Odorant Transport during Sniffing in the Human and Rat Nose
1 Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, RM 120, Hayden Hall, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and 3 Affymetrix, Inc., 3380 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Correspondence to be sent to: Peter W. Scherer, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, RM 120, Hayden Hall, 3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. e-mail: scherer{at}seas.upenn.edu
Human sniffing behavior usually involves bouts of short, high flow rate inhalation (>300 ml/s through each nostril) with mostly turbulent airflow. This has often been characterized as a factor enabling higher amounts of odorant to deposit onto olfactory mucosa than for laminar airflow and thereby aid in olfactory detection. Using computational fluid dynamics human nasal cavity models, however, we found essentially no difference in predicted olfactory odorant flux (g/cm2 s) for turbulent versus laminar flow for total nasal flow rates between 300 and 1000 ml/s and for odorants of quite different mucosal solubility. This lack of difference was shown to be due to the much higher resistance to lateral odorant mass transport in the mucosal nasal airway wall than in the air phase. The simulation also revealed that the increase in airflow rate during sniffing can increase odorant uptake flux to the nasal/olfactory mucosa but lower the cumulative total uptake in the olfactory region when the inspired air/odorant volume was held fixed, which is consistent with the observation that sniff duration may be more important than sniff strength for optimizing olfactory detection. In contrast, in rats, sniffing involves high-frequency bouts of both inhalation and exhalation with laminar airflow. In rat nose odorant uptake simulations, it was observed that odorant deposition was highly dependent on solubility and correlated with the locations of different types of receptors.
Key words: laminar nasal airflow, odorant uptake modeling during sniff, olfactory odorant uptake, turbulent nasal airflow
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