Chemical Senses Advance Access originally published online on November 20, 2007
Chemical Senses 2008 33(2):223-224; doi:10.1093/chemse/bjm076
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Higher Sensitivity to Perithreshold Odors when Sitting than when Supine May Be Correlated with Postural Differences in Locus Coeruleus Activity
Center of Space Medicine Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Correspondence to be sent to: Darren M. Lipnicki, Zentrum für Weltraummedizin Berlin, Arnimallee 22,14195 Berlin, Germany. e-mail: darrenlipnicki{at}hotmail.com
Lundström et al. (2007)
report an effect of posture on perithreshold odor sensitivity, which they found to be higher when sitting than when lying down (consistent with earlier work described in Lundstrom et al. 2006). The explanation for this result focused on cognitive mechanisms, with support seen in there being better performance on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test when sitting than when lying down. I suggest here how a postural difference in locus coeruleus (LC) activity may be correlated with these findings.
With its widespread noradrenergic innervation of the brain, the LC is an important modulator of perception and of other behavioral processes that include arousal, attention, and cognition (Berridge and Waterhouse 2003). Noradrenergic modulation of olfaction can begin in the olfactory bulb (Doucette et al. 2007), a recipient of fibers from the LC (Shipley et al. 1985). Evidence suggests that noradrenergic output from the LC to the olfactory bulb increases the ability to detect perithreshold odors, with LC activation shown to increase mitral cell responsivity to electrical stimulation of the olfactory epithelium at perithreshold intensities (Jiang et al. 1996). Congruent with this, application of noradrenaline to slice preparations was found to enhance the early excitatory response of mitral cells to perithreshold level stimulation of the olfactory nerve (Ciombor et al. 1999).
There is reason to think that posture affects LC activity, which is modulated by baroreceptors in the aorta, carotid arteries, heart, and lungs that respond to blood volume load. Both LC activity and cortical noradrenaline release increase when baroreceptor load is lessened and decrease when baroreceptor load is intensified (Persson and Svensson 1981; Murase et al. 1994). Gravitational effects on blood distribution result in a greater baroreceptor load when lying down than when more upright (Mohrman and Heller 2003). This suggests that LC and central noradrenergic activity are reduced when lying down (Elam et al. 1984); an idea supported by electroencephalographic evidence (Cole 1989) and consistent with faster solution times for anagrams when supine than when more upright (Lipnicki and Byrne 2005), given a detrimental effect of central noradrenergic activity on the ability to solve anagrams (Beversdorf et al. 2002). In contrast to anagrams, there is evidence that monoaminergic activity improves performance on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test (Mattay et al. 1996), suggesting that the finding of Lundström et al. of higher Raven's Progressive Matrices test scores when sitting than when supine may also be correlated with postural differences in LC activity.
In what I have outlined above, my primary intention has been to show that postural differences in LC activity may be correlated with the finding of Lundström et al. of perithreshold odor sensitivity being higher when sitting than when lying down. This effect could be produced directly by noradrenergic enhancement of mitral cell responsivity to perithreshold odors when sitting and/or indirectly through a modulation of cognitive processes. The extent to which each of these mechanisms may be involved, and any degree of interaction between them, remains to be determined.
Acknowledgements
Darren M. Lipnicki is supported by a Research Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
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Accepted 15 October 2007
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